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Essential Fish Habitat
Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. H. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Preservation and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate contains the associated biological communities that make these areas ideal for fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, such as wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH making use of the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed varieties to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is always to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Function was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when their actions or activities may adversely affect natural environment identified by federal regional fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 , 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which indicate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by publication of final rules on January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management program (FMP) amendment, and details the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing methods and coastal and submarine development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal agencies work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable has an effect on on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and non-point and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed varieties. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be identified.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, decrease to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify additional actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an analysis of all actions or suggested actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency that may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or balance out those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies need to provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Increased Atlantic Regional Fisheries Workplace (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Local Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific cycles Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State organizations and private landowners are not needed to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or taken on part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely affect EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to kinds and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction from the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Habitat areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, control, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet for least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will become stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs happen to be afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, snorkeling, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Vital Habitat is designated intended for the survival and restoration of species listed because threatened or endangered within the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical habitats include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered kinds that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is designated as critical during the time a species is listed beneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Natural environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures underlying the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental natural environment structure begins with gunk. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and delicate.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in terms of juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and in addition they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges if they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of young , small brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom delivers hard complex vertical framework for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and sponges. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they may be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Features that affect soft starting in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved breathable oxygen and flow.
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