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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. T. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate comes with the associated biological residential areas that make these areas well suited for fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life spiral.|2| EFH contains all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific data. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed species to date.|4| The main purpose of EFH regulations is to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Function was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and identify EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the benefit of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act features jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine seafood species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or activities may adversely affect habitat identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. over 60, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended simply by publication of final rules upon January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management system (FMP) amendment, and detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing techniques and coastal and submarine development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal businesses work together to minimize these dangers.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable has an effect on on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, as well as, evaluating how well each fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for recently managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, decrease to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing upon EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can suggest ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions around the habitat of federally supervised commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, license, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an diagnosis of all actions or offered actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or counter those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if any of these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to any state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not needed to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government has authorized, funded, or taken on part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an impact on EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical or biological alterations from the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, managing, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet in least one of the following four criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
add a habitat type that is unusual.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory coverage as EFH and do not leave out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed fish under the MSA whereas Critical Habitat is designated for the survival and recovery of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical refuge include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered variety that include physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical during the time a species is listed within the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and control, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Home characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures hidden the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with crud. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and smooth.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh border, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) with regards to juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges every time they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical structure for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a number of fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are usually a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that utilize them include sediment feed size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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